Building Don Lancaster's TVT-6

Nightmaretony · **Posted:** Sun Jul 31, 2011 6:30 pm

Garth, am now officially way the heck impressed by the sheer simplicity of your XY circuit. The arcade ones had always been fairly complex as heck....

jbardell · **Posted:** Sun Jul 31, 2011 6:47 pm

Jeff-
Just as I suspected

As I said, I have the 2k BIN file for the 2513 image. Some time on Google turned up the potential of using a 2716 EPROM to replace the 2513, interestingly enough in a Briel forum post:
http://www.brielcomputers.com/phpBB3/vi ... f=20&t=420

The IM5610 cross references to a 82S123. Not sure of the cheap modern equivelant. Also still figuring out exactly what code from the article goes in there. More Google time ahead!

Dr Jefyll · **Posted:** Sun Jul 31, 2011 6:59 pm

jbardell wrote:

The IM5610 cross references to a 82S123.

LOL !! 82S123 (or 74S288 IIRC). Yeah, I still have some of those here. And a disgusting but functional kludge of a programmer I made for them. But, despite wasted extra capacity, the EPROM's actually better, 'cause it matches the standard memory pinout already present on the Micro-Kim. You might be able to exploit that by piggy-backing one chip atop another (to save space and reduce wiring). Plus, the 82S123 needs its own programmer.

jbardell · **Posted:** Sun Jul 31, 2011 8:00 pm

Jeff-

The wasted space on the EPROM is kind of moot at a cost of a few dollars a piece. I assume the ROMs on this old circuit are designated the way they are due to memory being so expensive at the time. Interestingly, I think the modern version of the TVT-6 on perfboard could still be built near the $30 price claimed in the original article.

I'm thinking of an adaptor board that plugs into the 6264 RAM socket with the 74xx245 onboard and another socket to re-mount the 6264 on top. Less modifications/relocation on the machine, and lets the MK be returned to its original configuration if desired.

Homework continues...

Dr Jefyll · **Posted:** Sun Jul 31, 2011 8:24 pm

jbardell wrote:

The wasted space on the EPROM is kind of moot at a cost of a few dollars a piece.I

Yes, exactly.

jbardell wrote:

I'm thinking of an adaptor board that plugs into the 6264 RAM socket

Ha! You're hacker afer my own heart!

Don't forget to give Garth's option serious consideration, btw. The work you do putting in that 6522 will pay off in multiple ways.

Gotta go :wink:

jbardell · **Posted:** Sun Jul 31, 2011 8:43 pm

Garth-

What's the software, at least in block diagram form, look like to output to your oscilloscope monitor? Perhaps that belongs in the Programming section, but a general idea would be helpful. Thanks!

GARTHWILSON · **Posted:** Sun Jul 31, 2011 8:45 pm

Quote:

A more serious issue, perhaps, is that the more characters you display, the slower the refresh rate becomes -- and thus the worse the flicker. With a 1 Mhz 6502 and 6522 this could become a serious annoyance -- I don't know. Garth

With a 1MHz 6502 & 22, you can still get a dot clock of 250kHz which will not really give objectionable flicker for 256x64 dots (or 128x128, etc.) if you interlace it. That's assuming you can feed the 6522's SR quickly enough to keep the scan going, which should not be a problem if the data are in an array in memory, already calculated. (Since the scan does not have to maintain a perfectly even speed continually, small delays from interrupts at random places won't really have a visible effect.) The flicker, or absence of it, would be the same for a given number of dots, regardless of how many characters you display in that matrix. On mine, the primary bottleneck is not the phase-2 speed, but rather the Z-axis input response speed, so I usually run it at 278kHz dot-clock speed. The first limiter was the op amp since I started with a twenty-cent LM358, but I put the other one in which might be too expensive for production but not much to worry about when you're just making one and time is important too.

Another possibility is a graphics LCD with SPI or similar interface. I have a small monochrome binary (not gray scale) one that's 128x64 dots that Douglas Beattie (who's on this forum but we seldom hear from him) gave me, which I put on the 65SIB. I have not written the software for it yet. [Edit, five years later: Done.]

Quote:

The work you do putting in that 6522 will pay off in multiple ways.

The 6522's (65c22's) name, "Versatile Interface Adapter," or "VIA" for short, is quite appropriate. I have three VIAs on my workbench computer. VIA1 is used for eight things: parallel printer interface, character LCD, keypad, beeper, the synchronous-serial port (as for the oscilloscope raster graphics), real-time clock powered by T1 interrupts (VIA1 is on NMI), an ABORT button (ABORT causes an NMI to get control back without resetting all the hardware, so it's less drastic than RST), and an I²C port. This is all on one VIA. The other two VIAs are used for A/D, D/A, 65SIB, SS22, PC keyboard, Dallas 1-Wire interface, and T1/PB7 clock source to feed to a 65c51 for MIDI. Most of the bits are available most of the time for other projects.

Quote:

What's the software, at least in block diagram form, look like to output to your oscilloscope monitor? Perhaps that belongs in the Programming section, but a general idea would be helpful. Thanks!

I need to get to some other things this afternoon, so I'll try to answer this one tonight or tomorrow.

GARTHWILSON · **Posted:** Mon Aug 01, 2011 7:05 am

Quote:

What's the software, at least in block diagram form, look like to output to your oscilloscope monitor? Perhaps that belongs in the Programming section, but a general idea would be helpful. Thanks!

Looking at my source code, I'm not sure how to answer. People don't usually like to look at long strips of someone else's code, especially if it's not in one of their known languages. Most of mine is in Forth, and only the output routine itself is in assembly (and assembled by the onboard Forth). For that, consider:

You need an array in RAM, big enough to hold however many dots (bits) you want your display matrix to be.
Unless you invert the Y input (which most 'scopes should be able to do but I'm not sure they all do), or invert the Y output voltage in hardware, the screen scan will start at the bottom-left corner, ie, X=0, Y=0, before the counters get incremented. In mine, I made the beam move to the right from there, then when it has finished the bottom row of dots, the X counter rolls over to 0 again and increments the Y counter so you start the next dot row up.
That means that a text character, icon, etc. will be split up in memory, with a group of dots in one location, quite possibly straddling byte boundaries, and its next group of dots further down the memory to be read when the beam finishes the dot row and starts the next and comes back to the relevant X position to continue forming the letter, icon, etc..
The VIA SR only needs to be set up once, then after that you feed individual bytes to shift out. In my case, I read the byte with LDA(ind),Y, incrementing Y until it rolls over and then incrementing the high byte of the address pointer in ZP. Each time the page is incremented, you check to see if it's time to start a new frame. You can either poll to see when the SR is ready for the next byte, or just have a timing loop that gives the right amount of delay. Although I'm usually trying to sell people on the power of interrupts, this is not really an efficient place to use them.

Obviously it will make things easier if:

the number of bytes in your array is a multiple of 256
an integer number of lines fits into 256 bytes
characters or icons are always 8 dots across so they don't have to straddle byte boundaries, let alone at random places

Obviously the last one is a lot less feasible, and this fact makes the program that puts the right dots in the array a lot messier. A six-dot-wide character will usually require writing to two bytes per row while making sure you leave the other ten dots in that pair of bytes unaffected.

I only made the dot look-up table for one font of 6x8 dots per character, with one dot column usually being used for space between characters. Having different sizes (even proportional spacing) would complicate the program further, as would allowing different rotations. Then I also have a program to put a dot at a particular X,Y location, so you could draw graphs or whatever, and put text labels where you want them.

Dr Jefyll · **Posted:** Mon Aug 01, 2011 8:08 pm

jbardell wrote:

Garth- What's the software, at least in block diagram form, look like?

Something to keep in mind is that the Lancaster system expects the display memory to contain ASCII characters. The translation to actual pixels is done in hardware, by the character generator.

But Garth's device (like my KimKlone) has a bit mapped display, meaning that software requires an extra layer. The ASCII characters must be explicitly copied and expanded into actual bit patterns corresponding to the pixels on the screen. In other words there are TWO screen buffers -- the ASCII (one byte per character) buffer and the pixel buffer (about a dozen byes per character, depending on the font). So the software has more work to do. On the other hand, nothing says you have to draw characters. A bit-mapped display is also capable of generating all sorts of graphical images.

-- Jeff

GARTHWILSON · **Posted:** Mon Aug 01, 2011 8:28 pm

Quote:

and the pixel buffer (about a dozen byes per character, depending on the font)

What's shown in the picture is 6x8, or 48 dots per character, including the space below and to the right of the character, so six bytes each. I think I tried as low as 4x3 or 4x4 dots per character on my handheld HP71 computer, and although a lot of characters were pretty jury-rigged it was still mostly readable. I think a lot of graphics calculators us 5x4 for things like menus.

For layers, you might want yet another buffers, so you could for example move one curve and its labels on a graph while leaving another curve undisturbed. When you erase part of a layer to re-draw it moved one way or another, you want the erased area to resume what it was displaying before, not just be blank right there. A buffer for a cursor however could be very small.

Dual-port memory would be ideal.

jbardell · **Posted:** Mon Aug 01, 2011 11:11 pm

Dr Jefyll wrote:

Something to keep in mind is that the Lancaster system expects the display memory to contain ASCII characters. The translation to actual pixels is done in hardware, by the character generator.

Right, and that seems to be where the somewhat complex Lancaster setup pays off. The hardware aspect is a good bit more complicated than Garth's, but the method of getting text to the screen seems fairly simple, even with my basic understanding of ASM.

Dr Jeffyl wrote:

In other words there are TWO screen buffers -- the ASCII (one byte per character) buffer and the pixel buffer (about a dozen byes per character, depending on the font). So the software has more work to do.

And this is where I wonder what the speed comparison, Lancaster vs Garth, would really look like. With the TVT, you lose CPU time to trading the RAM over to the its hardware (I think). With the Garth-o-Scope (

), you have a much larger program and large arrays to deal with. Then again, the hardware for this can be built, and UNDERSTOOD, very quickly. Remember, I'm only looking for text output. If I were hell bent on nice graphics output too, I might just buy another C64 and start there. But for me this is all about learning low-level hardware AND software on a real (simple) platform.

Thanks much for your software interface breakdown, Garth. I think I'm starting to understand how your approach works. Don't get the wrong idea, I'm not dismissing your design. I DO plan to add at least one 6522 to my machine, and certainly plan on playing with your 'Scope circuit, too.

Back to research for me!

HansO · **Joined:** Fri Oct 31, 2003 10:00 pm **Posts:** 200

Dr Jefyll wrote:

jbardell wrote:

Huh. I just did an online search for a KIM-1 schematic, and I found this link to a 6502.org page by Ruud Baltissen. He has plans to build your own KIM, so maybe that'll interest you if you have more free time than free cash. Moreover, you could integrate the '245 buffer chip more easily. But I must say, Briel's Micro-Kim looks awfully appealing!

The idea of a KIM-1 clone came up and was realised in alternative ways many times in the 80ties. Elektor's Junior computer is such an example. The difficulty of a clone is the availability of the RIOT's 6530 with the maskprogrammed ROM. EPROMs can replace the ROM, 6532 can completely replace the 6530 I/O, RAM and time. But somehow (and to avoid perhaps the wrath of the copyrighht holders of the KIM-1) the designs were always a bit different and could not run unmodified KIM-1 code.

Ruud's intention is to have a clone that runs the actual KIM-1 ROM code, with the EPROMS and 6532 mapped exactly as the 6530 in the memory map. The Micro-KIM is the implementation of that idea. So the Micro-KIM runs the stock KIM-1 ROM code, and has the same expansion lines. It lacks the second 6530 RIOT time and I/O, which is now an addon board. It also lacks the cassette interface, which is easy to add yourself given the designs made by Norbert, also standard KIM-1.
The Micro-KIM is as close as possible to a KIM-1 as you can get for software and expansion. Vince left out the bus buffers to reduce the component count as the modern IC's like RAM can be driven by the 6502 without overloading the bus.

GARTHWILSON · **Posted:** Thu Aug 04, 2011 3:54 am

Quote:

What's the software, at least in block diagram form, look like to output to your oscilloscope monitor? Perhaps that belongs in the Programming section, but a general idea would be helpful. Thanks!

Ok, here's some actual code, translated from Forth to assembly. It's not complete, but will get you started. I used "CRT" to designate the "video" memory. The 6522 abbreviations should be familiar to anyone who has worked with it:
VIA: Versatile Interface Adapter, ie, 6522
T1 & T2: the VIA's timer/counter 1 and timer/counter 2
CL: counter low byte for a VIA timer/counter
SR: VIA's shift register (for the serial port)
PA: VIA's port A (parallel)

Code:

                           ; These are two-byte variables:
T2CLVAL:       BLKB  2     ; What to have SR_SETUP put in T2CL (VIA timer 2 counter low byte).
FEED_DELAY:    BLKB  2     ; Number for delay loop between bytes in VIEW_FRAME.
CRT_BEG_ADR:   BLKB  2     ; ┐ Actually we'll only use the high byte of
CRT_END_ADR:   BLKB  2     ; ├ these three.  Low byte will always be 00.  CRT_END_ADR is actually last addr used, plus 1.
CRT_CUR_ADR:   EQU $10     ; ┘ CRT_CUR_ADR is in ZP, at address $10, instead of at the next available non-ZP address.

 ; CRT_BEG_ADR and CRT_END_ADR above give the location and size of the video buffer in memory.  A range of $800, for
 ;   example, from $3800 to $4000, gives 64 lines of 256 dots each.
 ; FEED_DELAY above should be set to the smallest value that will still make sure you don't write the next byte to the SR
 ;   before it's ready to take it.  That will depend on the T2CLVAL above which sets the shift rate.  For minimum flicker
 ;   with a big matrix (ie, lots of dots tall and wide), set the shift rate as fast as your analog hardware can handle it
 ;   while still looking good.
 ;
 ; Examples of what to store in variables T2CLVAL and FEED_DELAY:
 ; ────────────────────────┬────────┬────────┬────────┬──────────
 ; dot clk freq @ 5MHz φ2  │ 417kHz │ 278kHz │ 139kHz │ 73kHz
 ; T2CLVAL                 │    4   │    7   │  $10   │  $20
 ; FEED_DELAY              │  $11   │  $1A   │  $37   │  $69



SR_SETUP:
       LDA   VIA1SR          ; The SR gets read, but we don't do anything with the data.
       LDA   VIA1ACR         ; Continue on with SR software reset.
       AND   #11000011B
       STA   VIA1ACR
       ORA   #00010100B      ; Enable SR to shift out
       AND   #11010111B      ; under T2 control.
       STA   VIA1ACR

       LDA   T2CLVAL         ; (T2CLVAL is a variable.)
       STA   VIA1T2CL        ; Set T2 shift rate.  f=φ2/2(n+2)
       STZ   VIA1SR          ; (Dummy data stored here.)  Some brands of VIA won't show SR-empty status until after 1 byte
       RTS                   ;                                                                              is shifted out.
 ; --------------------------



VIEW_FRAME:                          ; This routine does one complete scan of the screen.
       LDA  VIA1PA                   ; First, reset the frame scan
       ORA  #$80                     ; by making a positive pulse
       STA  VIA1PA                   ; on VIA1PA.
       AND  #$7F
       STA  VIA1PA

       STZ  CRT_CUR_ADR
       LDA  CRT_BEG_ADR+1            ; Init the current address to be
       STA  CRT_CUR_ADR+1            ; the beginning address.

       LDY  #0                       ; Index for each page we output.
 loop1:                              ; Top of longer loop for each 8 lines (256 bytes).  Y = 0 to start line 0, 8, 16, etc..
 loop2:        LDA  (CRT_CUR_ADR),Y  ; Get the next byte to output.  Top of shorter loop executed 256 times per 8 lines.
               STA  VIA1SR           ; then store next value in SR.

               LDA  FEED_DELAY
 loop3:            DEA
               BNE  loop3
               INY                   ; Incr index to next byte to shift out to 'scope.
           BNE loop2                 ; Loop until the particular line is finished

           INC  CRT_CUR_ADR+1        ; Increment page number.
           LDA  CRT_CUR_ADR+1
           CMP  CRT_END_ADR+1        ; Is it the last one?
       BNE loop1                     ; If not, loop and continue.  (Y will alredy = 0 anyway, so we don't need to go up one
       RTS                           ;                                                      more instruction to the LDY #0.)
 ; --------------------------



SCOPE_DISP:                   ; CRT_BEG_ADR  and  CRT_END_ADR  must already be set up.
       JSR     RTC_OFF        ; I turned the real-time clock interrupts from VIA1T1 off.  I don't remember if I tried
       JSR     SR_SETUP       ;                                  it with them on to see if there would be any problem.
 loop:    JSR  VIEW_FRAME
          JSR  ?TERMINAL      ; Keep displaying until a key is pressed.
       BEQ     loop           ; (The name p?TERMINAL is left over from Forth's ?TERMINAL .)
       JMP     RTC_ON         ; (JMP=JSR+RTS) Turn the real-time clock interrupts back on at the end.
 ; --------------------------
   


 ; Here's the table of bit patterns to make the characters, so you don't have to figure it out again.
 ; Sorry, I'm leaving this in Forth instead of taking more time translating.  I think you can read it.
 ; The name of the table is FONT.  C, in Forth compiles the character (byte) in the next available
 ; memory address and increments the dictionary pointer.  The equivalent in assembly might be to start
 ; each line with DFB (define bytes), then use commas to separate the binary numbers.  \ is like ; in assembly.


       \ top line      leftmost bits───┐    ┌───rightmost                    bottom line
       \  of chr              of chr   V    V   bits of chr                     of chr
HERE [B] 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C,  \ $20 space
         001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 000000 C, 010000 C, 000000 C,  \ $21 !
         010100 C, 010100 C, 010100 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C,  \ $22 "
         010100 C, 010100 C, 111110 C, 010100 C, 111110 C, 010100 C, 010100 C, 000000 C,  \ $23 #
         001000 C, 011110 C, 101000 C, 011100 C, 001010 C, 111100 C, 001000 C, 000000 C,  \ $24 $
         110000 C, 110010 C, 000100 C, 001000 C, 010000 C, 100110 C, 000110 C, 000000 C,  \ $25 %
         010000 C, 101000 C, 101000 C, 010000 C, 101010 C, 100100 C, 011010 C, 000000 C,  \ $26 &
         001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C,  \ $27 '
         000100 C, 001000 C, 010000 C, 010000 C, 010000 C, 001000 C, 000100 C, 000000 C,  \ $28 (
         010000 C, 001000 C, 000100 C, 000100 C, 000100 C, 001000 C, 010000 C, 000000 C,  \ $29 )
         000000 C, 010100 C, 001000 C, 111110 C, 001000 C, 010100 C, 000000 C, 000000 C,  \ $2A *
         000000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 111110 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C,  \ $2B +
         000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 011000 C, 011000 C, 001000 C, 010000 C,  \ $2C ,
         000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 111100 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C,  \ $2D -
         000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 011000 C, 011000 C, 000000 C,  \ $2E .
         000000 C, 000010 C, 000100 C, 001000 C, 010000 C, 100000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C,  \ $2F /
         011100 C, 100010 C, 100110 C, 101010 C, 110010 C, 100010 C, 011100 C, 000000 C,  \ $30 0
         001000 C, 011000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 011100 C, 000000 C,  \ $31 1
         011100 C, 100010 C, 000010 C, 001100 C, 010000 C, 100000 C, 111110 C, 000000 C,  \ $32 2
         011100 C, 100010 C, 000010 C, 011100 C, 000010 C, 100010 C, 011100 C, 000000 C,  \ $33 3
         000100 C, 001100 C, 010100 C, 100100 C, 111110 C, 000100 C, 000100 C, 000000 C,  \ $34 4
         111110 C, 100000 C, 111100 C, 000010 C, 000010 C, 100010 C, 011100 C, 000000 C,  \ $35 5
         001100 C, 010000 C, 100000 C, 111100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 011100 C, 000000 C,  \ $36 6
         111110 C, 000010 C, 000100 C, 001000 C, 010000 C, 010000 C, 010000 C, 000000 C,  \ $37 7
         011100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 011100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 011100 C, 000000 C,  \ $38 8
         011100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 011110 C, 000010 C, 000100 C, 011000 C, 000000 C,  \ $39 9
         000000 C, 011000 C, 011000 C, 000000 C, 011000 C, 011000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C,  \ $3A :
         000000 C, 011000 C, 011000 C, 000000 C, 011000 C, 011000 C, 001000 C, 010000 C,  \ $3B ;
         000100 C, 001000 C, 010000 C, 100000 C, 010000 C, 001000 C, 000100 C, 000000 C,  \ $3C <
         000000 C, 000000 C, 111110 C, 000000 C, 111110 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C,  \ $3D =
         100000 C, 010000 C, 001000 C, 000100 C, 001000 C, 010000 C, 100000 C, 000000 C,  \ $3E >
         011100 C, 100010 C, 000010 C, 000100 C, 001000 C, 000000 C, 001000 C, 000000 C,  \ $3F ?
         011100 C, 100010 C, 101010 C, 101110 C, 101000 C, 100000 C, 011110 C, 000000 C,  \ $40 @
         011100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 111110 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 000000 C,  \ $41 A
         111100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 111100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 111100 C, 000000 C,  \ $42 B
         011100 C, 100010 C, 100000 C, 100000 C, 100000 C, 100010 C, 011100 C, 000000 C,  \ $43 C
         111000 C, 100100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100100 C, 111000 C, 000000 C,  \ $44 D
         111110 C, 100000 C, 100000 C, 111100 C, 100000 C, 100000 C, 111110 C, 000000 C,  \ $45 E
         111110 C, 100000 C, 100000 C, 111100 C, 100000 C, 100000 C, 100000 C, 000000 C,  \ $46 F
         011100 C, 100010 C, 100000 C, 100000 C, 100110 C, 100010 C, 011110 C, 000000 C,  \ $47 G
         100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 111110 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 000000 C,  \ $48 H
         011100 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 011100 C, 000000 C,  \ $49 I
         000010 C, 000010 C, 000010 C, 000010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 011100 C, 000000 C,  \ $4A J
         100010 C, 100100 C, 101000 C, 110000 C, 101000 C, 100100 C, 100010 C, 000000 C,  \ $4B K
         100000 C, 100000 C, 100000 C, 100000 C, 100000 C, 100000 C, 111110 C, 000000 C,  \ $4C L
         100010 C, 110110 C, 101010 C, 101010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 000000 C,  \ $4D M
         100010 C, 100010 C, 110010 C, 101010 C, 100110 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 000000 C,  \ $4E N
         011100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 011100 C, 000000 C,  \ $4F O
         111100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 111100 C, 100000 C, 100000 C, 100000 C, 000000 C,  \ $50 P
         011100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 101010 C, 100100 C, 011010 C, 000000 C,  \ $51 Q
         111100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 111100 C, 101000 C, 100100 C, 100010 C, 000000 C,  \ $52 R
         011100 C, 100010 C, 100000 C, 011100 C, 000010 C, 100010 C, 011100 C, 000000 C,  \ $53 S
         111110 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 000000 C,  \ $54 T
         100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 011100 C, 000000 C,  \ $55 U
         100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 010100 C, 010100 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 000000 C,  \ $56 V
         100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 101010 C, 101010 C, 110110 C, 100010 C, 000000 C,  \ $57 W
         100010 C, 100010 C, 010100 C, 001000 C, 010100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 000000 C,  \ $58 X
         100010 C, 100010 C, 010100 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 000000 C,  \ $59 Y
         111110 C, 000010 C, 000100 C, 001000 C, 010000 C, 100000 C, 111110 C, 000000 C,  \ $5A Z
         011100 C, 010000 C, 010000 C, 010000 C, 010000 C, 010000 C, 011100 C, 000000 C,  \ $5B [
         000000 C, 100000 C, 010000 C, 001000 C, 000100 C, 000010 C, 000000 C, 000000 C,  \ $5C \
         011100 C, 000100 C, 000100 C, 000100 C, 000100 C, 000100 C, 011100 C, 000000 C,  \ $5D ]
         001000 C, 010100 C, 100010 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C,  \ $5E ^
         000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 111110 C,  \ $5F _
         010000 C, 010000 C, 001000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C,  \ $60 `
         000000 C, 000000 C, 011100 C, 000010 C, 011110 C, 100010 C, 011110 C, 000000 C,  \ $61 a
         100000 C, 100000 C, 111100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 111100 C, 000000 C,  \ $62 b
         000000 C, 000000 C, 011110 C, 100000 C, 100000 C, 100000 C, 011110 C, 000000 C,  \ $63 c
         000010 C, 000010 C, 011110 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 011110 C, 000000 C,  \ $64 d
         000000 C, 000000 C, 011100 C, 100010 C, 111110 C, 100000 C, 011100 C, 000000 C,  \ $65 e
         001000 C, 010100 C, 010000 C, 111000 C, 010000 C, 010000 C, 010000 C, 000000 C,  \ $66 f
         000000 C, 000000 C, 011100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 011110 C, 000010 C, 011100 C,  \ $67 g
         100000 C, 100000 C, 111100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 000000 C,  \ $68 h
         001000 C, 000000 C, 011000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 011100 C, 000000 C,  \ $69 i
         000100 C, 000000 C, 001100 C, 000100 C, 000100 C, 000100 C, 100100 C, 011000 C,  \ $6A j
         100000 C, 100000 C, 100100 C, 101000 C, 110000 C, 101000 C, 100100 C, 000000 C,  \ $6B k
         011000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 011100 C, 000000 C,  \ $6C l
         000000 C, 000000 C, 110100 C, 101010 C, 101010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 000000 C,  \ $6D m
         000000 C, 000000 C, 111100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 000000 C,  \ $6E n
         000000 C, 000000 C, 011100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 011100 C, 000000 C,  \ $6F o
         000000 C, 000000 C, 111100 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 111100 C, 100000 C, 100000 C,  \ $70 p
         000000 C, 000000 C, 011110 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 011110 C, 000010 C, 000010 C,  \ $71 q
         000000 C, 000000 C, 101110 C, 110000 C, 100000 C, 100000 C, 100000 C, 000000 C,  \ $72 r
         000000 C, 000000 C, 011110 C, 100000 C, 011100 C, 000010 C, 111100 C, 000000 C,  \ $73 s
         010000 C, 010000 C, 111000 C, 010000 C, 010000 C, 010100 C, 001000 C, 000000 C,  \ $74 t
         000000 C, 000000 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 011110 C, 000000 C,  \ $75 u
         000000 C, 000000 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 010100 C, 001000 C, 000000 C,  \ $76 v
         000000 C, 000000 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 101010 C, 101010 C, 010100 C, 000000 C,  \ $77 w
         000000 C, 000000 C, 100010 C, 010100 C, 001000 C, 010100 C, 100010 C, 000000 C,  \ $78 x
         000000 C, 000000 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 100010 C, 011110 C, 000010 C, 011100 C,  \ $79 y
         000000 C, 000000 C, 111110 C, 000100 C, 001000 C, 010000 C, 111110 C, 000000 C,  \ $7A z
         001100 C, 010000 C, 010000 C, 100000 C, 010000 C, 010000 C, 001100 C, 000000 C,  \ $7B {
         001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 001000 C, 000000 C,  \ $7C |
         011000 C, 000100 C, 000100 C, 000010 C, 000100 C, 000100 C, 011000 C, 000000 C,  \ $7D }
         000000 C, 000000 C, 010000 C, 101010 C, 000100 C, 000000 C, 000000 C, 000000 C,  \ $7E ~
     [H]


20 8 * -  7 +   \ The "20 8 * -" is to make the lines of the table line up with the ASCII values
CONSTANT FONT   \ since we won't display the first $20.  The "7 +" is because the last byte gets
                \ looked at first in the loop, and the loop index is subtracted as we back up.

 ; This is getting long enough as it is, so program to put the letters in the "video" RAM will be
 ; left out, available on request.  It's in Forth though, and I really don't want to translate it!

Building Don Lancaster's TVT-6

Who is online