In another thread, BigEd made a remark concerning clock skew.As the topic has arisen more than once I decided to have a go at this.

Here (above) is what you'll see in a typical 6502 or 65C02 setup where the memory /WR and /RD signals are qualified by the CPU clock. I've shown the address bus changing instantly when Phi2 goes low although in fact there is some delay. We can discuss that detail (and others such as the delay between Phi2 IN and Phi2 OUT) later, but right now an overview seems in order, and my goal is to show what must ultimately go wrong when /RD and /WR are delayed "too much." Too much delay means you can end up reading from or writing to an incorrect address at the end of the cycle. A few ns of this might be tolerable, but...


The hazards seem less pronounced when /RD and /WR are early. Toward the end of a read cycle, memory will tristate the data bus before the CPU has closed its input latch which accepts the data, but that's harmless (assuming the DC loading on the data bus is negligible and capacitance can be relied upon to sustain the logic levels, as no other device is driving the bus after Phi2 falls). (nb: comment not applicable to 65816!) The other hazards are simply reduced time allowances as seen from memory's POV. But IC specifications tend to be conservative, and to create a problem I think you'd have to make /RD and /WR very early indeed. However, taken too far...

- reads will commence before the address is valid, which is harmless provided there's enough time after it becomes valid.
- writes will commence before the data is valid, which is harmless provided there's enough time after it becomes valid.
- writes will commence before the address is valid. A few ns of this might be tolerable, but...

Comments/additions/corrections welcome,

Jeff

_________________
In 1988 my 65C02 got six new registers and 44 new full-speed instructions!
https://laughtonelectronics.com/Arcana/ ... mmary.html

Thanks Jeff, that's great! Might be worth noting that a stray read could be harmful, for example if it cleared an interrupt flag in an I/O device.

Jeff, are you suggesting that it's better not to qualify /W and /R with phi-2?

Also, you might want the add the case where /W and /R go active co-incidental with the rise of Phi-2. I had done that in my investigations with my Jaguar project by delaying Phi-2 going to the CPU.

_________________
Bill

The takeaway, I think, is that /R should be deasserted late and /W should be deasserted early.

One way to do this might be to insert a couple of inverters between the oscillator and the CPU, producing Phi0 and Phi2 signals (and Phi1 in-between). Then /R can be derived as ~(Phi2 & R/W) as usual, and /W can be derived as ~(Phi0 & Phi2 & ~R/W) in a 3-NAND gate.