Every now and again the 65CE02 gets a mention here. It was produced in limited quantities, it seems, because there are very few of these chips around.
Here's the (PDF) datasheet and here's Michael Steil's (textual)
technical reference.
One feature is that it has many single-cycle opcodes.
US patent 5088035 may give some clues as to how that's done.
John McMaster has recently depackaged and photographed one of them: that's the first step to a possible reverse-engineering of it, like the visual6502. The bottleneck will be the polygon capture, and there's an additional difficulty because this is a two-layer metal process, so some finesse is needed to strip the top layer leaving the lower layer intact.
There's a page with some pictures
here which also includes a link to a pannable zoomable image
here. [Edit: broken link, so try
here instead.]
Here's a block diagram from a
previous discussion: